1. Carefully examine the statements and choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): If the price elasticity of demand is less than one, the demand is considered to be inelastic
Reason (R): Elastic demand means the quantity demanded changes proportionally more than price change
Choose the correct code
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
(4) (R) is correct but (A) is not correct
2. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Giffen goods?
a) The demand for Giffen goods rises with price rise
b) The income effect outweighs the substitution effect
c) They are normal goods
d) The substitution effect dominates the income effect
Choose the correct code:
(1) 'a' and 'b' are correct
(2) 'a' and 'd' are correct
(3) 'a', 'b' and 'c' are correct
(4) 'a', 'b', 'c' and 'd' are correct
3. The total effect of a price change of a commodity is
(1) Substitution effect + Price effect
(2) Substitution effect + Income effect
(3) Substitution effect + Demonstration effect
(4) Substitution effect - Income effect
4. A situation in which a decision maker must choose between strategies that have more than one possible outcome when the probability of each outcome is unknown is referred to as
(1) diversification
(2) certainty
(3) risk
(4) uncertainty
5. In evaluating Social Welfare, which of the following statement/statements about Kaldor's and Hick's Criteria is/are correct?
a) Kaldor's Criterion is based on the perspective of gainers
b) Hicks Criterion emphasizes the perspective of losers
c) Both criteria agree that compensation is necessary for welfare improvement
d) Kaldor's Criterion can lead to a situation where not all individuals are better-off
Choose the correct code:
(1) only 'c' is correct
(2) 'c' and 'd' are correct
(3) 'a', 'b' and 'c' are correct
(4) 'a', 'b', 'c' and 'd' are correct
6. Match the List-l with List-ll and select the correct answer:
List-l
a) Keynes
b) Wicksell
-------------
Codes:
(1) a-iii, b-i, c -ii
(2) a-ii, b-i, c- iii
(3) a-i, b-ii, c-iii
(4) a-iii, b-ii, c-i
7. Which of the following economist studied monetary and real sector simultaneously through general equilibrium analysis?
(1) Jagdish Bhagwati
(2) Don Patinkin
(3) Gunnar Myrdal
(4) Maurice Allais
8. In Pareto optimality analysis, convexity of all indifference curves and concavity of the transformation curve refer to
(1) total conditions
(2) marginal conditions
(3) second order conditions
(4) average conditions
9. The various compensations which led to the so called New Welfare Economics, presented a universally valid criterion for increase in welfare but the attempts failed mainly because
(1) they were based on the unrealistic assumption of measuring utility cardinally
(2) they were not successful in offering a value-free welfare criterion
(3) they were based on a very broad ethical positive view
(4) they did not come equipped with a kit and a set of instructions for collective welfare judgements
10. Presence of asymmetric information in the market causes which of the following?
b) Efficiency wages
d) Marginal benefits of an additional unit of resources diminish with an increasing number of unit of resources
(1) a, b and d
(2) a and c
(3) b, c and d
(4) a and d
11. The rational expectation hypothesis pro-founded by:
(1) John F. Muth
(2) Alfread Marshall
(3) Milton Friedman
(4) J.R. Hicks
12. In Philips curve, if expectations can adopt to changes in inflation rates, then the long-run Phillips curve resembles a--------- line at the natural rate of unemployment.
(1) skewed
(2) horizontal
(3) vertical
(4) diagonal
13. Which is the most volatile components of aggregate demand as per Keynes?
(1) Net exports
(2) Consumption
(3) Investment
(4) Govt. spending
14. Inducement to investment depends upon
(1) Expected rate of profit
(2) Public debt
(3) Profit and saving
(4) Savings and public debt
15. Carefully examine the statements and choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): The super multiplier is the combination of multiplier and accelerator
Reason (R): The super multiplier model takes for granted the dominant technology and computes the induced demand corresponding to the expected evolution of persistent autonomous demand
Options:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is false, but (R) is true
(4) (A) is true, but (R) is false
16. High powered money components are
(1) Currency with the public, cash reserves of the bank and obligation with Central Bank
(2) Currency and demand deposits
(3) Demand and time deposit
(4) Liabilities of Commercial Bank
17. Which of the following models is appropriate for binary outcomes?
(1) Multinomial Logit Model
(2) Probit Model
(3) Poisson Regression Model
(4) Linear Regression Model
18. If the economy is in liquidity trap, which of the following is most likely to occur?
(1) Monetary policy is ineffective
(2) Monetary policy will be effective
(3) Economy will be in a boom
(4) Economy will be operating in full employment
19. Match the following and choose the correct code:
d) Aggregate demand
-------------------------
i. The increase in output resulting in initial increase in spending
ii. relationship between investment and change in output
iii. expected profitability of new investments
iv. Total demand for goods and services
Codes:
(1) a - iv, b - iii, c - ii, d - i
(2) a - iii bii, c- i, d- iv
(3) a - i, b - ii, c - iv, d - iii
(4) a-i, b - ii c- iii, d - iv
20. The key difference between autonomous consumption and induced consumption lies in the
(1) Factor of income
(2) Nominal income
(3) Psychological consumption
(4) Factor of production
21. Which method is commonly used to decompose a time series into its components?
(1) Principal Component Analysis
(2) Frontier Transformation
(3) Moving Average
(4) Seasonal Decomposition of time series
22. Poisson distribution is used to describe the behaviour of ------------ events
(1) frequent
(2) Normal
(3) Rare
(4) Abnormal
23. Match the type of index number with its application and select the correct answer:
a) Price Index
b) Quantity Index
c) Value Index
---------------------------
i. Measures change in the overall cost of living
ii. Reflects change in the total value of goods and services produced
iii. Compares the average price level of a basket of goods over time
iv. Evaluates changes in the quantity of goods produced holding prices constant
(1) a-i, b-ii, c- iii, d - iv
(2) a-iii, b-iv, c - ii, d- i
(3) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
(4) a-ii, b-i, c- iv, d - iii
24. The sum of Spearman's correlation coefficient differences of ranks between two variables shall be
(1) sum d > 0
(2) sum d < 0
(3) sum d = 0
(4) sum d = 1
25. Carefully examine the statements and choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): An estimator that is unbiased and has the smallest variance is called consistent estimator
Reason (R): Consistency of an estimator means that as the sample size increases, the probability that the estimator differs from the true parameter converges to zero
Options:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) (A) is false but (R) is true
26. Type I error in hypothesis testing refers to
(1) Rejecting a true Null Hypothesis
(2) Accepting a true Null Hypothesis
(3) Accepting a false Null Hypothesis
(4) Rejecting a true alternative Hypothesis
27. Descriptive statistics refers to
i) Collection of Data
ii) Estimation of Statistical Measures
iii) Hypothesis testing
Choose the correct code:
(1) only i and ii
(3) only ii and iii
(2) only i, ii and iii
(4) only i and iii
28. Expand BLUE:
(1) Best non-linear biased estimator
(2) Best linear biased estimator
(3) Best linear unbiased estimator
(4) Best log-linear unbiased estimator
29. An econometric model:
i) is a deterministic model
ii) is a probabilistic model
iii) includes error term
(1) only i and ii
(2) only i and iii
(3) only ii and iii
(4) i, ii and iii
30. Which sampling principle involves selecting individuals or units based on their accessibility or availability?
(1) Simple Random Sampling
(3) Stratified Sampling
(4) Systematic Sampling
31. Functional relations which occur in mathematics is known as
(1) Theory
(2) Concept
(3) Function
(4) Notation
32. The objects in a set is known as
(1) Element
(2) Objects Value
(3) Idea
(4) Numbers
33. For a competitive firm, long period normal price will:
(1) Equal AC and MC of production
(2) Equal MC of production only
(3) Equal AC of production only
(4) Equal TC of production only
34. Give the equation in differential calculus for rate of change in total production, with change in inputs
35. When the first power of the unknown appears in the given equation, it is called ---------
(1) Equation
(2) Quadratic equation
(3) Non-linear Equation
(4) Linear Equation
37. Who invented Input-Output Analysis technique?
(1) Adam Smith
(2) Wassily Leontief
(3) Joan Robinson
(4) David Ricardo
38. Which one represents Non-negativity constraints in L.P.P.?
39. Match the economists with their field of contribution in mathematical economics:
List-l
a) Slutsky
b) Arrow
c) Leontief
d) Dantzig
-----------
List-II
i. Linear Programming
ii. Input-Output Analysis
iii. Consumer Behaviour Analysis
iv. CES production function
Choose the right combination:
(1) a-ii, b-iv, c - i, d - iii
(2) a-iii, b-iv, c - ii, d- i
(3) a-i, b-ii, c- iii, d- iv
(4) a-iv, b-iii, cii, d-i
40. Carefully examine the statements and choose the correct answer
Suppose A, B and C are three arbitrary sets and U is a universal set
Assertion (A): If A = U-B, then n (A) = n (U) - n (B)
Reason (R): If C = B - A, then n (C) = n (B) - n (A)
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) (A) is false but (R) is true
41. Carefully examine the statements and choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): The current account of the Balance of Payments includes the trade of goods and services
Reason (R): The capital account covers the transfer payments between countries
Codes:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
(4) (R) is correct but (A) is not correct
42. In a regression analysis, if qualitative variable has 'm' categories, one can have
(1) Only m - 1 dummy variables
(2) Only m + 1 dummy variables
(3) Only 2m dummy variables
(4) Only m dummy variables
43. Imperfect competition arises when
(1) There are imperfect rivalry competitors
(2) There are unexplainable imperfections in the market
(3) Competition does not exist
(4) Product variation, ignorance of consumers and distance and transport costs lead to imperfections in the competitive market
44. Balance of payments under flexible exchange rates are corrected through
(1) Devaluation
(2) Exchange
(3) Direct control
(4) Canalisation
45. Under a managed floating exchange rate system, the nations monetary authorities intervene in foreign exchange markets to
(1) Smooth out short-run fluctuations in exchange rates
(2) Smooth out long-run fluctuations in exchange rates
(3) Smooth out short-run and long-run fluctuations in exchange rates
(4) Keep exchange rates fixed among a group of nations
46. Under a flexible exchange system, the exchange rate is determined by
(1) the nation's monetary authorities
(2) the price of gold
(3) the forces of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market
(4) exchange arbitrage
47. The terms of trade are defined as
(1) The degree of competition existing in international trade
(2) The differences between exports and imports
(3) The differences in value between exports and imports
(4) The rate at which exports exchange for imports
48. The 'beggar-thy-neighbour' policy refers to the use of tariff for ----------
(1) Improving country's balance of trade
(2) Eradicating unemployment
(3) Earning foreign exchange
(4) Importing sophisticated technology
49. Arrange the following books published by Karl Marx in the chronological order of their first publication
b) Das Kapital
c) The Poverty of Philosophy
d) The Civil War in France
Choose the correct code:
(1) c, a, b, d
(2) a, c, d, b
(3) d, b, a, c
(4) a, b, d, c
50. Match the concepts (List-l) with the names of economists associated (List-II):
List-l
a) Absolute Advantage
c) Purchasing Power Parity
d) Customs Union
----------------
List-II
i. Robert Mundell
ii. Adam Smith
iii. Jacob Viner
iv. Gustav Cassel
Choose the correct code:
(1) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d- i
(2) a-i, b-ii, c - iv, d - iii
(3) a-ii, b-i, c - iii, d - iv
(4) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d - iii
51. Indian National Defence is an example of
(1) Private good
(2) Club good
(3) Public good
(4) Common resource
52. Taxes enacted to deal with the effects of negative externalities are called
(1) Indirect Taxes
(2) Gift Taxes
(3) Corrective Taxes
(4) Sin Tax
53. An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge is
(1) Cartel
(2) Collusion
(3) Duopoly
(4) Monopolistic
54. A balanced budget multiplier was first formulated in the wake of:
(1) Classical Analysis
(2) Keynisian Analysis
(3) Neo-Keynesian Analysis
(4) Marxian Analysis
55. When Tax rate increases, with the increase in size of tax base, it is called
(1) Regressive Taxation
(2) Proposed Taxation
(4) Degressive Taxes
56. Capital expenditure could be
i) Strengthening aggregate demand
ii) Crowds in private spending
iii) Enhances long-term supply products
(1) i and iii
(2) ii and iii
(3) i and ii
(4) i, ii and iii
57. Capital levy method has been advocated by
(1) Keynes
(2) Musgrave
(3) Ricardo
(4) Adam Smith
58. Carefully examine the statements and choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): The Reserve Bank of India's digital rupee is also known as the e-rupee or e-INR
Reason (R): Indian rupee's digital version is fully integrated into the RBI's payment infrastructure and Monetary policy
Options:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (A) is false but (R) is true
(4) (A) is true but (R) is false
59. Match the following and choose the correct answer:
a) Excise Tax
b) Fines
c) Securities Transaction Tax
d) Service Tax
-------------------
i. Cable Operator Service
ii. Equity-oriented mutual funds
iii. Alcohol
iv. Violating traffic rules
codes
(1) a-i, b-ii, c - iii, d - iv
(2) a-i, b-ii, c - iv, d - iii
(3) a-iii, b-iv, c- ii, d- i
(4) a-iii, b-iv, c - i, d - ii
60. Revenue Expenditure comprises of
i) Interest Payments
ii) Subsidies
iii) Grants to states and UT
iv) Disinvestment
v) Investment in railways
(1) i only
(2) iv and v only
(3) i, ii and iii only
(4) iii and iv only
61. Economic Growth in a country 'x' will necessarily have to occur if there is
(1) Technical Progress in the world economy
(2) Population Growth in 'x' country
(3) Capital formation in 'x' country
(4) The volume of trade grows in the world economy
62. Which among the following is NOT correctly matched?
(1) Golden Age -- Mrs. Joan Robinson
(2) Golden Rule of Accumulation -- Edmund Phelps
(3) Steady State Growth -- Robert Solow
(4) Low Income Equilibrium Trap -- T.R. Malthus
63. Which of the following economists have propounded innovation theory of profit?
(1) J.M. Keynes
(2) Karl Marx
(3) Joseph Stiglitz
(4) Schumpeter
64. Forward linkages and Backward linkages are elaborated in the theory of
(1) Unbalanced Growth
(2) Balanced Growth
(3) Big push Approach
(4) Balanced Growth and Unbalanced Growth
65. The theory of historical materialism is related to
(1) Alfred Marshall
(2) Adam Smith
(3) Karl Marx
(4) T.R. Malthus
66. What are the primary goals of sustainability?
Choose the answer from the codes given below:
a) The end of poverty and hunger
b) Better standards of education and healthcare
c) To achieve gender equality
d) Promoting Jobs, stronger economies and environmental protection
Codes:
(1) a, b and c
(2) a, c and d
(3) a and c
(4) a, b, c and d
67. Which organization in India has been given the responsibility to monitor the progress of SDGs?
(1) Reserve Bank of India
(2) Central Statistical Organisation
(3) NITI Aayog
(4) Planning Commission
68. Calories and nutrition based poverty estimation methodology was given by
(1) Tendulkar Committee
(2) Rangarajan Committee
(3) Abhijit Banerjee Committee
(4) Sivaraman Committee
69. Which of the following are the assumptions made in Solow model of long run growth?
(1) Multicomposite commodity is produced
(2) One-composite commodity is produced
(3) Price and wages are rigid
(4) There is a temporary full employment of labour
70. Match List-l with List-ll and select the correct answer from the codes given below:
List-l
a) Backward and Forward Linkages
b) Turnpike Theorem
c) Organic composition of capital
d) AK Production Function
-----------------------
List-II
i. von Neumann Model
ii. Unbalanced Growth
iii. Marxian Model
iv. Endogenous growth model
codes
(1) a - i b - ii c- iii, d - iv
(2) a-iii, b - iv c - ii d - i
(3) a - ii b-i, c- iii, d - iv
(4) a - ii b - iv c - iii d -i
71. Arrange the following in chronological order:
I. Establishment of IDBI
II. Establishment of ICICI
III. Establishment of IFCI
IV. Establishment of IRBI
Codes:
(1) III, I, II and IV
(2) III, II, I and IV
(3) III, I, IV and II
(4) I, III, II and IV
72. The quantity theory of money was first propounded by
(1) Davanzatti
(2) David Ricardo
(3) J.S. Mill
(4) David Hume
73. Control of money supply in the economy is sought to be achieved by which among the following?
(1) OMOS, Bank rate, Repo rate
(2) Promotion of ATMs by Banks
(3) Discouraging the use of credit cards
(4) Discouraging UPI and other ICT-enabled financial transactions
74. Given below are two statements, labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Money serves as a store value
Reason (R): Public can hold their wealth in the form of money
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct
(2) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong
(3) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are not correct
75. Which of the following factors affects velocity of circulation of money?
(1) Unit of payments of money
(2) Nature of economic transactions
(3) Liquidity preference
(4) Delayed receipts of income
76. Arrange the following in chronological order:
I. Quantity theory of money
II. Liquidity preference theory
III. Cambridge cash balance approach
IV. Modern Quantity theory of money
Select the correct answer from the given codes below:
Codes:
(1) I, IV, II, III
(2) I, III, II, IV
(3) I, II, IV, III
(4) I, III, IV, II
77. Regulator of insurance sector in India is which of the following?
(1) IFCI
(2) IRDP
(3) IRDA
(4) LIC and GIC
78. Liquidity Trap corresponds to
(1) Labour demand function
(2) Money demand function
(3) Consumption function
(4) Production function
79. Elasticity of speculative demand for money is
(1) One
(2) Zero
(3) Infinite
(4) Greater than one
80. Financial inclusion and hence equitable development result from which of the following?
(1) Linkage between SHGs
(2) Interconnection of Bank branches
(3) Internet banking and Digital Payments
(4) SHG-Bank linkage model
81. Which economic concept refers to the depletion of resources due to its excessive use?
(1) Inflation
(2) Deflation
(3) Externalities
(4) Tragedy of the common
82. Match the items in List-l with the items in List-II:
List-l
a) Infant Mortality Rate
b) Incidence Rate
c) Prevalence Rate
d) Mortality Rate
----------------
List-II
i. A measure of the number of death in a population, scaled to the size of the population
ii. The number of infant deaths per 1000 live births in a year
iii. The number of new disease cases divided by the number of people at risk for a disease
iv. The number of cases of a disease in a population divided by the total
population
(1) a-ii, b-iii, c - iv, d- i
(2) a-i, b-ii, c- iii, d - iv
(3) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d- i
(4) a-i, b-iv, c - iii, d- ii
83. Which market based approach aims to internalize externalities by creating property rights for environmental resources?
(1) Cap and Trade
(2) Green Subsidies
(3) Tax breaks
(4) Monopolies
84. Which economic tool is used to estimate the total economic value of an environmental resource, including both use and non-use values?
(1) Marginal Analysis
(2) Discounting
(3) Hedonic Pricing
(4) Total Economic Valuation
85. The author of the book An Essay on Principles of Population is
(1) Malthus
(2) James Prinsep
(3) Keynes
(4) Frank Notestein
86. Which among the following is used for computing United Nations Age-Sex Accuracy Index?
A) Mean deviation of the age ratio's for males from 100
B) Mean deviation of the age ratio's for females from 100
C) Three times the mean of the age differences reported
Codes:
(1) A only is correct
(2) A and B are correct
(3) C only is correct
(4) A, B and C are correct
87. Which of the following cannot be considered as a measure to be taken so that demographic dividend would benefit?
(1) Increased spending on health
(2) Increased spending on education
(3) Decreased Investment in Research and Development
(4) Increased efforts for skill development
88. With reference to the year, there are two types of life tables current (or period) life table and ---------
(1) Social (or distribution) life table
(2) Caste (or national) life table
(3) Generation (or cohort) life table
(4) Industrial (or economical) life table
89. Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): The Coase theorem ensures efficient allocation of resources regardless of initial property rights assignments
Reason (R):
a) Transaction costs are negligible, allowing bargaining to achieve optimal outcomes
b) Government regulations are necessary to correct market failures
c) Environmental externalities are internalized through market mechanisms
d) Property rights are perfectly defined and enforced
Find out which of the above reasons are true:
(1) a, b and c only
(2) b, c and d only
(3) d only
(4) a only
90. National population policy was introduced in
(1) 1990
(2) 2000
(3) 2010
(4) 2020
91. Among the three sectors of the Indian economy, the relative growth (percentage shares) has been as follows:
(1) Slow growth in services, but fast growth in agricultural and industrial sectors
(2) Fast growth in industrial sector but slow growth in agricultural sector and also in services
(3) Fast growth in services, stagnancy in agriculture and decline in industrial sector
(4) Fast growth in services, stagnancy in industrial sector and decline in agricultural sector
92. Given below are two statements - one labelled as Assertion (A) and other as Reason (R)
Assertion (A): India experienced huge current account deficit in the year 2022-23
Reason (R): During the year 2022-23, India's trade deficit widened
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are not correct
(3) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(4) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong
93. According to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the two largest goods traded by India are
(1) Mineral Fuels and Gold
(2) Mineral Fuels and Rice
(3) Mineral Fuels and Textile
(4) Gold and Vehicles
94. The concept of vicious circle of poverty is associated with
(1) Gunnar Myrdal
(2) Kindleberger
(3) Schumpeter
(4) Ragnar Nurkse
95. Arrange the following schemes of the Govt. of India in the chronological sequence of their launching:
I. EAS
II. TRYSEM
III. JRY
IV. RLEGP
Select the correct answer from the given codes below:
Codes:
(1) I, III, II, IV
(2) II, III, IV, I
(3) II, IV, III, I
(4) IV, III, I, II
96. Match List-l with List-ll and choose the correct answer:
List-l
a) Shaktikanta Das
b) B.V.R. Subrahmanyam
c) Nirmala Sitharaman
d) V. Anantha Nageswaran
-------------
List-II
i. Chief Economic Advisor, Govt. of India
ii. Finance Minister of India
iii. CEO, NITI Aayog
iv. Governor of RBI
(1) ai, biii, c- iv, d- ii C-
(2) a iv, biii, ci, d-ii
(3) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
(4) ai, biii, cii, d- iv
97. Which of the following is one of the major problems associated with computation of national income in India?
(1) Lack of skilled enumerators
(2) Frequent price level changes
(3) Definitional issues relating to national income
(4) Double accounting
98. Which of the following has been one of the most chronic issues that India's economic progress is suffering from?
(1) Growing income inequality
(2) Poor level of foreign exchange reserves
(3) Poor performance of services sector
(4) Demographic dividend
99. The following is not an advisable strategy for enhancing the performance of India's agricultural sector:
(1) Encouraging high-tech agriculture
(2) Promotion of organic farming
(3) Use of HYV seeds and adoption of modern technologies
(4) Encouraging the fragmentation of agricultural land holdings of farmers to ensure focussed attention on crops
100. In India, the index called 'Residex' refers to
(1) Intensity of residential units per square kilometre
(2) Residential units excluded from surveys being unoccupied (vacant)
(3) Index of house prices computed by NHB
(4) Index that shows expenditure per household
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Official Answer Key :
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